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The last major nuclear arms control treaty between the United States and Russia has ended. What happens next?

In this episode of “At the Boundary,” host Jim Cardoso speaks with nuclear policy expert Heather Williams, director of the Project on Nuclear Issues (PONI) and a senior fellow in the Defense and Security Department at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), about the expiration of the New START Treaty, the last remaining bilateral nuclear arms control agreement between Washington and Moscow.

Drawing from her recent analysis, Williams explains three key truths about the end of New START and what they reveal about the future of nuclear strategy, deterrence, and global security. The conversation explores whether the treaty’s expiration signals a new nuclear arms race, how the United States might adapt its nuclear posture, and why future arms control efforts may need to include China alongside Russia.

Williams also emphasized the importance of new ideas in nuclear policy, encouraging the next generation of strategists to rethink how arms control can manage risks in a rapidly changing geopolitical environment.

From nuclear modernization to deterrence strategy and the future of nonproliferation, this episode provides a clear and accessible look at one of the most consequential shifts in global security.

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At the Boundary from the Global and National Security Institute at the University of South Florida, features global and national security issues we’ve found to be insightful, intriguing, fascinating, maybe controversial, but overall just worth talking about.

A "boundary" is a place, either literal or figurative, where two forces exist in close proximity to each other. Sometimes that boundary is in a state of harmony. More often than not, that boundary has a bit of chaos baked in. The Global and National Security Institute will live on the boundary of security policy and technology and that's where this podcast will focus.

The mission of GNSI is to provide actionable solutions to 21st-century security challenges for decision-makers at the local, state, national and global levels. We hope you enjoy At the Boundary.

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